Sufism
has been described differently by scholars writing in English but they all consider it as being the inner, esoteric, mystical, or purely spiritual dimension of the religion of Islam.
R. A. Nicholson in The Mystics of Islam (1914) describes Sufism as "Islamic mysticism" and says that Sufism was largely the product of diverse philosophical and spiritual influences, including Christian, Neoplatonic and others.
A.J. Arberry similarly states in Sufism (1950) that Sufism is "the name given to the mysticism of Islam" and "the mystical movement of an uncompromising Monotheism". He says that Sufism in essence derived from the Quran and Prophet Muhammad’s tradition and attempted to view "the movement from within as an aspect of Islam". This approach became generally accepted and was echoed by later scholars.
Victor Danner says in his book The Islamic Tradition (1988), "Sufism is the spiritual Path (tariqah) of Islam and has been identified with it for well over a thousand years...It has been called `Islamic mysticism' by Western scholars because of its resemblance to Christian and other forms of mysticism elsewhere. Unlike Christian mysticism, however, Sufism is a continuous historical and even institutionalized phenomenon in the Muslim world that has had millions of adherents down to the present day. Indeed, if we look over the Muslim world, there is hardly a region that does not have Sufi orders still functioning there".
Sufism or tasawwuf, as it is called in Arabic, is generally understood by scholars and Sufis to be the inner, mystical, or psycho-spiritual dimension of Islam. Today, however, many Muslims and non-Muslims believe that Sufism is outside the sphere of Islam. Nevertheless, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, one of the foremost scholars of Islam, in his article 'The Interior Life in Islam’ contends that Sufism is simply the name for the inner or esoteric dimension of Islam. It is founded on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. This very logical principle is based on a typically succinct saying of Prophet Muhammad: "Whoever knows oneself, knows one's Lord." According to many scholars, it is impossible to relate Sufism to any religion outside of Islam.
The Origin of Sufism
The origins of Sufism can be traced to the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad, whose teachings attracted a group of scholars who came to be called "Ahle Suffe", the People of Suffe, from their practice of sitting at the platform of the mosque of the Prophet in Medina. There they engaged themselves in discussions concerning the reality of Being, and in search of the inner path and devoted themselves to spiritual purification and meditation. They were the Companions of the Prophet and were the people of principles practicing certain disciplines and meditations for the sake of purification, the realization of Divine love and the understanding of reality. These individuals were the founders of Sufism. Among the most famous of these individuals were:
Salman Farsi, Ammar Yasser, Balla'al, Abdullah Masoud and Oveyse Gharani. Within a century or two their style of self understanding and discipline were introduced by their students to nations as diverse and widely separated as Persia, India, Indonesia, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia and North Africa.
Through this process of diffusion, different schools and orders of Sufism gradually emerged from the single original group of Suffe at Medina. Their practices differ from one another in emphasis and doctrine, but all legitimate Sufi schools trace their ultimate origins back to the original group of the Prophet's spiritual disciples.
Fundamental Principles:
Sufis represented the inner side of the Islamic creed, which stresses on self-realisation, beautification of the soul through piety, righteousness and universal love for all. The Sufis consider that there is a particular Divine Attribute that dominates the being of every prophet and saint, such that they can be said to be the incarnation of that attribute. All of the Prophets are manifestations of the Divine Unity and Perfection, but Prophet Muhammed is its supreme manifestation. The aim of Sufism is the cultivation of Perfect Beings who are mirrors reflecting the Divine Names and Attributes.
In Sufism, a perfect being is also called a Wali (saint), a word that literally means 'sincere friend'. All who have been prophets have also been saints. The superstructure of Sufism is built upon the concept of teacher, pir or murshid.
To be initiated into the Sufi cult one is required to have implicit faith in his teacher and consider his commands as divine and the path shown by him as the straightest. Sufism had succeeded in inculcating the sentiments of fraternity, equality and equity, coupled with sense of service to humanity, in the followers, irrespective of race, community, caste, creed and colour.
In the earlier stages, it emphasised only on the Love of God but later it also stressed on the need of the development of man with the purification of mind, through prayer and meditation. In India, Sufism helped in maintaining communal harmony and social stability by advocating religious tolerance and by borrowing spiritual techniques and practices from other religions, which were not against the principles of Islam and which were conducive to spiritual attainments. Sufism has adapted extensively from the Vedanta school of the Hindu philosophy.
The musical and ecstatic aspect of Sufism is called Sama. This is a particular kind of devotional dance akin to Kirtana and was introduced by Jalaluddin Rumi, the great and the celebrated founder of the Vedantic type of Sufism. The Sufi, while being spiritually enraptured, gives the attention of his or her heart to the Beloved. With particular movements and often special and rhythmical music, he engages in the selfless remembrance of God. In this state, the Sufi becomes unaware of everything but God. Sufisidentify two types of Sama poetry - first praising God (this is called Hamd), Prophet (this is called Naat) and the Sufi saints (this is called Manqabat) and the second focussing on spiritual emotion or mystical love, ecstatic states and on separation and union. The Sama poetry is mostly sung in the form of Qawwali. Music of Sama is set within metric framework, accompanied by Dholak, Tabla, Sarangi, Harmonium and Sitar.
Sufi Literature:
Some of the rare and valuable documents on Sufism include Adab-us-Sufiyah written in 1021 AD by Abu Abdur Rahman, Mazhar-un-Nur (1779 AD) translated by Syed Nurl Huda, Al Urwah-li-Ahl-il-Khalwah (1339 AD) written by Abul Makarim Ahamad Alaud-Daulah, Tarjumat-ul-Kitab (1649 AD) by Shaikh Muhibullah, Sharhu Awarif-ul-Maarif (1421 AD) by Syed Mohammad Hasan Al Husaini Banda Nawaz Gesu Daraz, Naqd un Nusus, Asrar-ul-Ahkam Sharhu Shariat-ul-Islam, Jawami-ul Kalim andTabaqat-i-Shahjehani.
Important Sufi Orders:
Abul Fazl gave a list of the Sufi orders in India, which comprises dozens of silsilahs. The prominent among these include the Chistiya, Qadriya, Naqsbandiya and the Suhrawardiya. The silsilahs were generally led by the Sufi saints who lived in Khanqahs or hospices along with their disciples. (a) The Chishti Order:
The Chishti Order was introduced in India by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (1143-1223 AD) who was one of the most renowned Sufi saints in India. He was born in Sanjar in the province of Sistan in Iran. He was the disciple of the great Sufi saint Khwaja Uthman Harvani, who belonged to the Chishti order. Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti reached India around 1192 AD, shortly after the death and defeat of Prithvi Raj Chauhan. After staying for a short period in Lahore and Delhi, he reached Ajmer in 1195 AD and set up a Khanqah (place of worship) to spread his message of universal love and brotherhood. His simple, pious and ascetic way of life attracted a large number of people who came to seek spiritual guidance from him. After his death on March 11, 1223 AD (6th of Rajab, 633 AH), his devotees started holding a congregation or Urs at Ajmer from the first to the sixth day of the Islamic month of Rajab every year.
The other renowned Sufi saints of this order include Shaikh Qutubuddin Bakhtyar Kaki, Shaikh Hamiduddin Sufi of Nagaur, Hazrat Moinuddin Ajmeri, Shaikh Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar of Ajodhan (Modern Pubjab), who was popularly known as Hazrat Baba Farid and whose bani and slokas are part of the holy Guru Granth Sahib, Shaikh Jamaluddin Hanowi, Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia, Shaikh Allauddin Sabir, Shaikh Nasiruddin Chiragh-i-Delhi and Khwaja Gesu Deraz of Gulbarga. Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya founded the Nizamiya sub-silsilah, which spread throughout the country due to the dedicated efforts of his disciples likeShaikhSirajuddin, Shaikh Alaul Haqq, Shaikh Nur Qutb-i-Alam, Syed Ashraf Jahangir, Shaikh Burhanuddin Gharib and Khwaja Gesu Deraz. Amir Khusro, the legendary poet and musician also belonged to this order. The Chisti order is the most widespread among all the Sufi orders in India. The Chisti saints follow the concept of pantheistic monism called Wahdat-ul-wajud, which finds similarities with the Vedanta philosophy. The Chishti order helped in inculcating a sense of duty in the rulers and monarchs to administer justice and equity and to do away with social disorder and religious intolerance.
(b) The Suhrawardi Order:
This order was founded by Shaikh Shahabuddin Umar Suharwardi (d.1234 AD), who is the author of Awarif ul Maarif. It was represented in India by Shaikh Bahauddin Zikiriyya of Multan and Shaikh Jalal Tabrizi of Lakhnauti. This order became popular in Kashmir, Punjab, Sind and parts of Bengal. It reached its acme under Shaikh Ruknuddin (d.1335 AD).
(c) The Qadriya Order:
This ascetic order of Sufism was instituted in 561 AH by Saiyid Abdul Qadir Al-Jilani, popularly known as Pir Dastagir, whose shrine is in Baghdad. It was introduced in India by Shah Niamatullah (d.1430 AD) and was later promoted in an organised manner by Syed Makhdum Muhammad Gilani (d.1517 AD). The Qadriyah Khanqahs are mostly located in Punjab, parts of northern India and extensively in South India. The famous Urdu poets Hasrat Mohani and Allama Iqbal belong to this order.
(d)The Naqshbandi Order:
The Naqshbandi order was popularised in India through the efforts of Khwaja Baqi Billah (d.1642 AD), who came to India during the reign of Emperor Akbar. His Khalifah or deputy was Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi, commonly known as Mujaddid-e-Alf Sani. Shah Waliullaj of Delhi, Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareilly and Shah Ghulam Ali were some of the great Sufis of this order. Famous Sufi poets of this order are Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janan and Mir Dard.
(e) The Nimatullahi Sufi Order:
SUFISM
Sufism This Sufi order owes its origin to Shah Nimatullah Wali, one of the great Sufi masters of Iran, who founded the order at the end of the 14th century AD. The spiritual method of the Nimatullahi order is based on invocation and remembrance of God (zikr), reflection (fikr), self-examination (mohasaba), meditation (moraqaba) and litany (werd). After Shah Nimatullah, the masters of the Nimatullahi order resided in India until the end of the 18th century AD (12th century AH), after which it was shifted back to Iran with the arrival of Sayyed Ma'Sum 'Ali Shah Dakkani to Iran in 1775 AD (1190 AH).
(f) The Shattari Order:
This order was introduced in India by Shah Abdullah Shattari (d.1485 AD) and became popular in Malwa, Jaunpur and Bengal. The eminent Sufi saints of this order include Shaikh Muhammad Alas Qadin of Bengal, Shaikh Hafiz of Jaunpur and Shaikh Muhammad Ghauth of Gwalior. The famous musician Tansen belonged to this order.
